Meatotino vailaau o alcohols

pogai Hydrocarbon ma se tasi po o le sili atoms hydrogen i le molecule, suia i vaega -OH (o le vaega hydroxyl po o vaega hydroxy), - ai alcohols. Le meatotino vailaau fuafuaina e a hydrocarbon māeʻa ma se vaega hydroxyl. Alcohols fausia ese faasologa homologous sui ai i totonu o e ese sosoo taitasi mai le sui muamua mo homology eseesega tutusa = CH2. e mafai ona faatusalia mea uma o lenei vasega e le fua faatatau: R-Oi. Mo tuufaatasi monohydric faatapulaaina fua vailaau aoao o CnH2n + 1OH. E tusa ai ma igoa faava o malo nomenclature e mafai ona faia e ala i le faaopoopoina o se Ol tapunia hydrocarbon (methanol, ethanol, propanol, ma isi).

o se matua eseese ma lautele le vasega lenei o le tuufaatasi vailaau. E faalagolago i le aofai o vaega -OH i le molecule, ua vaevaeina i mono-, di- ma trihydric faapena - lotoa polyhydric. meatotino vailaau o le alcohols faalagolago foi i le mataupu i totonu o vaega vaega hydroxyl i molecule. O nei mea e le o mautonu ma te le dissociate i ions i le vai, e pei o acids malosi po o nofoaga autu o malosi. Ae peitai, e mafai ona avea o se weakly acidic (faaitiitia i le siitia o le numera o le ava malosi mamafa molecular ma branching o le filifili hydrocarbon) po o le faavae (faateleina ma faateleina mamafa molecular ma molecule branching) meatotino.

alcohols meatotino vailaau e faalagolago i le ituaiga ma le faatulagaga spatial o atoms: E molecules ma isomerism filifili ma isomers tulaga. E faalagolago i luga o le numera aupito maualuga o sootaga e tasi o le atomu carbon (vaega hydroxy noatia e) ma le isi atoms carbon (faatasi ai ma le 1 St, 2 po o le 3) iloa autu (masani), alcohols lona lua po o le maualuluga. maua alcohols Peraimeri se vaega hydroxyl faapipii i se atomu autu carbon. I le taimi lona lua ma le maualuluga - i le lona lua ma le maualuluga, faasologa. Talu propanol foliga isomers e ese i le tulaga o le vaega hydroxyl: propyl ava malosi C3H7-Oi, ma CH3- ava malosi isopropyl (CHOH) -CH3.

E tatau ona taʻu mai se nai o le tali autu o loo faamatala ai le meatotino vailaau o alcohols:

1. Pe a fegalegaleai ma uʻamea alkali po hydroxides (deprotonation tali) faia alcoholates (hydrogen atomu ua suia i se atomu uamea), e faalagolago i luga o le hydrocarbon māeʻa maua e methoxide, ethoxide, propoxide ma isi mea faapena, mo se faataitaiga, sodium propylate: 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2 ↑.
2. Pe a fegalegaleai ma faasagatonu acid hydrohalic faia hydrocarbons halogenated: HBr + CH3CH2OH ↔ CH3CH2Br + H2O. O lenei uiga faaalia e feliuai. Le taunuuga o se suiga nucleophilic o se Ion halogen, o se vaega hydroxyl.
3. e mafai ona oxidized Alcohols e karaponi carbon, e aldehydes po ketones i ai. Alcohols mu i luma o le okesene: 3O2 + C2H5OH → 2CO2 + 3H2O. I lalo o le uunaiga a se sui sooupu oxidizing malosi (acid chromic, potassium permanganate , ma isi) ua liua alcohols autu i aldehydes: C2H5OH → CH3COH + H2O, ma le lona lua - e ketones: CH3- (CHOH) -CH3 → CH3- (Cho) -CH3 + H2O.
4. tupe maua tali Dehydration luga faʻavevela i le afioaga o le sui dehydrating (metala paʻepaʻe chloride, acid sulfuric, ma isi). O lenei e maua alkenes: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
5. tulei foi le tali esterification luga faʻavevela i le afioaga o dehydrating tuufaatasi, ae, i le eseesega i le tali muamua i se vevela i lalo ma ia avea ma ethers: 2C2H5OH → -C2H5O C2H5O. Faatasi ai ma le acid sulfuric, o loo tupu i le vaega e lua o le tali. Muamua, ua faia e ester acid sulfuric: C2H5OH + H2SO4 → C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O, sosoo ai ma faʻavevela e 140 ° C ma le sili o le ava malosi ua faia, diethyl (masani ona taua o teio) Eteru: C2H5OH + C2H5O-SO2OH → C2H5O-C2H5O + H2SO4 .

Le meatotino vailaau o polyols, e ala i le faatusatusaga ma o latou meatotino faaletino faalagolago i le ituaiga o hydrocarbon māeʻa, ua avea ma a molecule, ma e moni lava, ai o le aofai o vaega hydroxyl. Mo se faataitaiga, glycol ethylene CH3OH-CH3OH (pupuna manatu 197 ° C), o 2 le ava malosi atomika o se suavai colorless (a tofo suamalie), lea o lo o fefiloi ma H2O, ma maualalo alcohols i ni vaevaega uma. Ethylene glycol pei o le maualuga homologues ai e oo mai i tali uma uiga o alcohols monohydric. Glycerol CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (pupuna manatu 290 ° C) o le sui aupito faigofie o le 3 alcohols atomika. O se mafiafia suamalie-le tofo i le suavai, o le mamafa nai lo le vai, ae ua fefiloi ai i so o se fua faatusatusa. Soluble i le ava malosi. Mo glycerin ma ona homologues loo faamatalaina foi e le tali uma o alcohols monohydric.

alcohols meatotino vailaau faamatalaina faatonuga a latou talosaga. o loo faaaogaina i latou e pei o le suauu (ethanol po butanol, ma isi), e pei solvents i se o alamanuia eseese; o mea masani ona maua mo le tuuina atu o surfactants ma detergents; mo le tuufaatasia o mea polymeric. O nisi o sui o lenei vasega o tuufaatasi faatulagaina lautele faaaogaina o lubricants po o vai hydraulic, ma le gaosia mo foi o medicaments ma biologically vailaau malolosi.